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Core Information Technology Concepts
The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model is a conceptual framework that standardizes the functions of a telecommunication or computing system into seven layers:
Physical – Transfers raw bits over physical hardware (cables, switches).
Data Link – Handles error detection and MAC addresses for data transfer between adjacent nodes.
Network – Manages routing and IP addressing (e.g., routers).
Transport – Ensures complete and reliable data delivery (e.g., TCP/UDP).
Session – Manages sessions between applications.
Presentation – Translates data formats (e.g., encryption, compression).
Application – Interfaces with the end user (e.g., web browsers, email).
Hardware refers to the physical components of a computer (like the monitor, keyboard, and motherboard).
Software is a collection of programs and instructions that tell the hardware what to do (like operating systems or apps).
The cloud refers to servers that are accessed over the internet and the software and databases that run on those servers. It’s used for data storage, backups, app hosting, and collaboration (e.g., Google Drive, iCloud, Microsoft OneDrive).